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</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#e0e0e0;">Turing</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Paradigm</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Multi-paradigm_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-paradigm programming language">multi-paradigm</a>: <a href="Procedural_programming" title="Procedural programming">procedural</a>, <a href="Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Software_design" title="Software design">Designed by</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Ric_Holt" title="Ric Holt">Ric Holt</a>, <a href="James_Cordy" title="James Cordy">James Cordy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Software_developer" class="mw-redirect" title="Software developer">Developer</a></th><td class="infobox-data organiser">Holt Software Associates</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First appeared</th><td class="infobox-data">1982<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1982</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Final release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;">4.1.1

/ November 25, 2007<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="dtend">2007-11-25</span>)</span></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">

</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Type_system" title="Type system">Typing discipline</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Static_typing" class="mw-redirect" title="Static typing">static</a>, <a href="Manifest_typing" title="Manifest typing">manifest</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">OS</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #EEEEEE;">Major <a href="Programming_language_implementation" title="Programming language implementation">implementations</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Turing, <a href="#TPlus">TPlus</a>, <a href="#OpenT">OpenT</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #EEEEEE;"><a href="Programming_language#Dialects,_flavors_and_implementations" title="Programming language">Dialects</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="#Object-Oriented_Turing">Object-Oriented Turing</a>, <a href="#Turing+">Turing+</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #EEEEEE;">Influenced by</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="Euclid_(programming_language)" title="Euclid (programming language)">Euclid</a>, <a href="Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a>, <a href="SP/k" title="SP/k">SP/k</a></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p><b>Turing</b> is a <a href="High-level_programming_language" title="High-level programming language">high-level</a>, <a href="General-purpose_programming_language" title="General-purpose programming language">general purpose</a> <a href="Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming language</a> developed in 1982 by <a href="Ric_Holt" title="Ric Holt">Ric Holt</a> and <a href="James_Cordy" title="James Cordy">James Cordy</a>, at <a href="University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a> in Ontario, Canada. It was designed to help students taking their first <a href="Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a> course learn how to code. Turing is a descendant of <a href="Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a>, <a href="Euclid_(programming_language)" title="Euclid (programming language)">Euclid</a>, and <a href="SP/k" title="SP/k">SP/k</a> that features a clean <a href="Syntax_(programming_languages)" title="Syntax (programming languages)">syntax</a> and precise machine-independent <a href="Semantics_(computer_science)" title="Semantics (computer science)">semantics</a>.

</p><p>Turing 4.1.0 is the latest stable version. Versions 4.1.1 and 4.1.2 do not emit stand alone <a href=".exe" title=".exe">.exe</a> files. Versions pre-4.1.0 have outdated syntax and functions.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2></div>

<p>Named after British computer scientist <a href="Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing">Alan Turing</a>, Turing is used mainly as a teaching language at the high school and university level.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two other versions exist, <a href="#Object-Oriented_Turing">Object-Oriented Turing</a> and <a href="#Turing+">Turing+</a>, a systems programming variant. In September 2001, "Object Oriented Turing" was renamed "Turing" and the original Turing was renamed "Classic Turing". Turing is now unsupported by Holt Software Associates in <a href="Toronto%2C_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Toronto, Ontario">Toronto, Ontario</a>. Turing was widely used in high schools in <a href="Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> as an introduction to programming.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>On November 28, 2007, Turing, which was previously a commercial programming language, became freeware, available to download from the developer's website free of charge for personal, commercial, and educational use.<sup id="cite_ref-holtsoft_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holtsoft-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-holtsoft/old_index_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holtsoft/old_index-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The makers of Turing, Holt Software Associates, have since ceased operations, and Turing has seen no further development since November 25, 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-holtsoft/old_index_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holtsoft/old_index-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Syntax">Syntax</h2></div>

<p>Turing is designed to have a very lightweight, readable, intuitive <a href="Syntax_(programming_languages)" title="Syntax (programming languages)">syntax</a>. Here is the entire <a href="%22Hello%2C_World!%22_program" title=""Hello, World!" program">"Hello, World!" program</a> in Turing with <a href="Syntax_highlighting" title="Syntax highlighting">syntax highlighting</a>:

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<pre><b>put</b> <span style="color:red">"Hello World!"</span>

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<p>Turing avoids <a href="Semicolon" title="Semicolon">semicolons</a> and <a href="Curly_brackets" class="mw-redirect" title="Curly brackets">braces</a>, using explicit end markers for most language constructs instead, and allows <a href="Declaration_(computer_programming)" title="Declaration (computer programming)">declarations</a> anywhere. Here is a complete program defining and using the traditional <a href="Recursion" title="Recursion">recursive</a> function to calculate a <a href="Factorial" title="Factorial">factorial</a>.

</p>

<pre> <span style="color:green"><a href="Comment_(computer_programming)" title="Comment (computer programming)">%</a> Accepts a number and calculates its factorial</span>

<b>function</b> <span style="color:blue">factorial</span> (<span style="color:blue">n</span>: <b>int</b>) : <b>real</b>

<b>result</b> 1

<b>result</b> <span style="color:blue">n</span> * <span style="color:blue">factorial</span> (<span style="color:blue">n</span> - 1)

<b>end</b> <span style="color:blue">factorial</span>

<b>put</b> <span style="color:red">"Please input an integer: "</span> ..

<b>exit when</b> <span style="color:blue">n</span> >= 0

<b>put</b> <span style="color:red">"Input must be a non-negative integer."</span>

<b>put</b> <span style="color:red">"The factorial of "</span>, <span style="color:blue">n</span>, <span style="color:red">" is "</span>, <span style="color:blue">factorial</span> (<span style="color:blue">n</span>)

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Open_implementations">Open implementations</h2></div>

<p>Currently, there are two open source alternative implementations of Turing: Open Turing, an open source version of the original <a href="Interpreter_(computing)" title="Interpreter (computing)">interpreter</a>, and <a href="#TPlus">TPlus</a>, a native compiler for the concurrent system programming language variant <a href="#Turing+">Turing+</a>. <a href="#OpenT">OpenT</a>, a project to develop a Turing compiler, was discontinued.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Open_Turing">Open Turing</h3></div>

<p>Open Turing is an open-source implementation of the original Turing interpreter for Windows written by Tristan Hume. It includes speed improvements, new features such as OpenGL 3D and a new code editor. It is fully backwards compatible with the closed-source implementation.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="TPlus">TPlus</h3></div>

<p>TPlus is an open-source implementation of original (non-Object-Oriented) Turing with systems programming extensions developed at the University of Toronto and ported to <a href="Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>, <a href="Oracle_Solaris" title="Oracle Solaris">Solaris</a>, and <a href="MacOS" title="MacOS">Mac OS X</a> at <a href="Queen's_University_at_Kingston" title="Queen's University at Kingston">Queen's University</a> in the late 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> TPlus implements <a href="#Turing+">Turing+</a> (Turing Plus), a concurrent systems programming language based on the original Turing programming language. Some, but not all, of the features of Turing Plus were eventually subsumed into the present <a href="#Object-Oriented_Turing">Object-Oriented Turing</a> language. Turing Plus extends original Turing with <a href="Process_(computing)" title="Process (computing)">processes</a>, <a href="Monitor_(synchronization)" title="Monitor (synchronization)">monitors</a> (as specified by <a href="C.A.R._Hoare" class="mw-redirect" title="C.A.R. Hoare">C.A.R. Hoare</a>), and language constructs needed for system programming such as binary input-output, separate compiling, variables at absolute addresses, type converters and other features.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Turing+">Turing+</h2></div>

<table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#e0e0e0;">Turing+</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Paradigm</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Multi-paradigm_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-paradigm programming language">multi-paradigm</a>: <a href="Procedural_programming" title="Procedural programming">procedural</a>, <a href="Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented</a>, <a href="Concurrent_programming" class="mw-redirect" title="Concurrent programming">concurrent</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Software_design" title="Software design">Designed by</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Ric_Holt" title="Ric Holt">Ric Holt</a>, <a href="James_Cordy" title="James Cordy">James Cordy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Software_developer" class="mw-redirect" title="Software developer">Developer</a></th><td class="infobox-data organiser"><a href="Ric_Holt" title="Ric Holt">Ric Holt</a>, <a href="James_Cordy" title="James Cordy">James Cordy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First appeared</th><td class="infobox-data">1987<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1987</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Type_system" title="Type system">Typing discipline</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Static_typing" class="mw-redirect" title="Static typing">static</a>, <a href="Manifest_typing" title="Manifest typing">manifest</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #EEEEEE;">Influenced by</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="Concurrent_Euclid" title="Concurrent Euclid">Concurrent Euclid</a>, Turing</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #EEEEEE;">Influenced</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="#Object-Oriented_Turing">Object-Oriented Turing</a></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p><b>Turing+</b> (Turing Plus) is a <a href="Concurrent_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Concurrent system">concurrent systems</a> programming language based on the Turing programming language designed by <a href="James_Cordy" title="James Cordy">James Cordy</a> and <a href="Ric_Holt" title="Ric Holt">Ric Holt</a>, then at the <a href="University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a>, Canada, in 1987. Some, but not all, of the features of Turing+ were eventually subsumed into <a href="#Object-Oriented_Turing">Object-Oriented Turing</a>. Turing+ extended original Turing with processes and <a href="Monitor_(synchronization)" title="Monitor (synchronization)">monitors</a> (as specified by <a href="C.A.R._Hoare" class="mw-redirect" title="C.A.R. Hoare">C.A.R. Hoare</a>) as well as language constructs needed for systems programming such as binary input-output, separate compiling, variables at absolute addresses, type converters, and other features.

</p><p>Turing+ was explicitly designed to replace <a href="Concurrent_Euclid" title="Concurrent Euclid">Concurrent Euclid</a> in systems-programming applications. The <a href="TUNIS" title="TUNIS">TUNIS</a> operating system, originally written in Concurrent Euclid, was recoded to Turing+ in its MiniTunis implementation. Turing+ has been used to implement several production software systems, including the language <a href="TXL_(programming_language)" title="TXL (programming language)">TXL</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Object-Oriented_Turing">Object-Oriented Turing</h2></div>

<table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#e0e0e0;">Object-Oriented Turing</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Paradigm</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Multi-paradigm_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-paradigm programming language">multi-paradigm</a>: <a href="Procedural_programming" title="Procedural programming">procedural</a>, <a href="Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented</a>, <a href="Concurrent_programming" class="mw-redirect" title="Concurrent programming">concurrent</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Software_design" title="Software design">Designed by</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Ric_Holt" title="Ric Holt">Ric Holt</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Software_developer" class="mw-redirect" title="Software developer">Developer</a></th><td class="infobox-data organiser"><a href="Ric_Holt" title="Ric Holt">Ric Holt</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First appeared</th><td class="infobox-data">1991<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1991</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Type_system" title="Type system">Typing discipline</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Static_typing" class="mw-redirect" title="Static typing">static</a>, <a href="Manifest_typing" title="Manifest typing">manifest</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">OS</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Cross-platform" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-platform">Cross-platform</a>: <a href="Sun-4" title="Sun-4">Sun-4</a>, <a href="MIPS_architecture" title="MIPS architecture">MIPS</a>, <a href="IBM_System_p" title="IBM System p">RS-6000</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #EEEEEE;">Influenced by</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Turing</td></tr></tbody></table>

<p><b>Object-Oriented Turing</b> is an extension of the Turing programming language and a replacement for <a href="#Turing_Plus">Turing Plus</a> created by <a href="Ric_Holt" title="Ric Holt">Ric Holt</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the <a href="University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a>, Canada, in 1991. It is <a href="Imperative_programming" title="Imperative programming">imperative</a>, <a href="Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented</a>, and <a href="Concurrency_(computer_science)" title="Concurrency (computer science)">concurrent</a>. It has <a href="Modularity_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Modularity (programming)">modules</a>, <a href="Class_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Class (computer science)">classes</a>, single <a href="Inheritance_(object-oriented_programming)" title="Inheritance (object-oriented programming)">inheritance</a>, <a href="Process_(computing)" title="Process (computing)">processes</a>, <a href="Exception_handling" title="Exception handling">exception handling</a>, and optional <a href="Machine-dependent" class="mw-redirect" title="Machine-dependent">machine-dependent</a> programming.

</p><p>There is an <a href="Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">integrated development environment</a> under the <a href="X_Window_System" title="X Window System">X Window System</a> and a demo version. Versions exist for <a href="Sun-4" title="Sun-4">Sun-4</a>, <a href="MIPS_architecture" title="MIPS architecture">MIPS</a>, <a href="IBM_System_p" title="IBM System p">RS-6000</a>, <a href="NeXTSTEP" title="NeXTSTEP">NeXTSTEP</a>, <a href="Windows_95" title="Windows 95">Windows 95</a>, and others.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFFluckWebbCoxAngeli2016" class="citation journal cs1">Fluck, A.; Webb, M.; Cox, M.; Angeli, C.; Malyn-Smith, J.; Voogt, J.; Zagami, J. (2016). "Arguing for computer science in the school curriculum". <i>Journal of Educational Technology & Society</i>. <b>19</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">38–</span>46.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFinfo@compsci.ca" class="citation web cs1">info@compsci.ca. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://compsci.ca/holtsoft/">"Download Turing & RTP (Ready to Program)"</a>. <i>compsci.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-08-21</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-holtsoft-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-holtsoft_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100405101149/http://www.holtsoft.com/">"Holt Software Associates"</a>. January 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.holtsoft.com">the original</a> on 2010-04-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-04-10</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-holtsoft/old_index-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-holtsoft/old_index_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-holtsoft/old_index_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100417185823/http://www.holtsoft.com/old_index.html">"Holt Software Associates (old)"</a>. 2007-11-25. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.holtsoft.com/old_index.html">the original</a> on 2010-04-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-04-10</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://compsci.ca/blog/download-turing-411/">"Download Turing 4.1.1"</a>. compsci.ca Blog. 2007-11-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-01-10</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHume" class="citation web cs1">Hume, Tristan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tristan.hume.ca/openturing/">"Open Turing"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCordy" class="citation web cs1">Cordy, James. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://txl.ca/txl-tplusdownload.html">"Turing+ 6.1"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMancoridisHolt,_R_CPenny,_D_A1993" class="citation journal cs1">Mancoridis, S; <a href="Ric_Holt" title="Ric Holt">Holt, R C</a>; Penny, D A (February 1993). "A Conceptual Framework for Software Development". <i>ACM Annual Computer Science Conference (SIGCSE, Indianapolis)</i>: <span class="nowrap">74–</span>80. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1041-4517">1041-4517</a>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/194807519">194807519</a>. BL Shelfmark 0578.623000.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHolt1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Ric_Holt" title="Ric Holt">Holt, RC</a> (1992). <i>Turing reference manual</i> (3rd. ed.). <a href="Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>: Holt Software Associates. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-921598-15-2</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/71476276">71476276</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFGrogono1995" class="citation book cs1">Grogono, Peter (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9780387945170"><i>Programming with Turing and Object Oriented Turing</i></a>. Springer-Verlag. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-387-94517-0</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFHoltCordy1983" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="Ric_Holt" title="Ric Holt">Holt, Richard C.</a>; <a href="James_Cordy" title="James Cordy">Cordy, James R.</a> (December 1983). "The Turing language report". <i>Annual Progress Report</i>. Canada: Computer Systems Research Institute, <a href="University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0316-6295">0316-6295</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFHoltCordy1988" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="Ric_Holt" title="Ric Holt">Holt, Richard C.</a>; <a href="James_Cordy" title="James Cordy">Cordy, James R.</a> (December 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F53580.53581">"The Turing programming language"</a>. <i><a href="Communications_of_the_ACM" title="Communications of the ACM">Communications of the ACM</a></i>. <b>31</b> (12): <span class="nowrap">1410–</span>1423. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F53580.53581">10.1145/53580.53581</a></span>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:40859457">40859457</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFHoltMatthewsRosseletCordy1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Ric_Holt" title="Ric Holt">Holt, Richard C.</a>; Matthews, Philip A.; Rosselet, J. Alan; <a href="James_Cordy" title="James Cordy">Cordy, James R.</a> (1988). <i>The Turing programming language: design and definition</i>. <a href="Englewood_Cliffs%2C_New_Jersey" title="Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey">Englewood Cliffs, N.J.</a>: <a href="Prentice_Hall" title="Prentice Hall">Prentice Hall</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-13-933136-7</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/17377539">17377539</a>.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Turing" class="extiw external" title="wikibooks:Turing">Turing</a></b></i></div></div>

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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/Open-Turing-Project/OpenTuring">OpenTuring</a> on <a href="GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a></li></ul>

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